Judges 21 

Judges 21:1 But the men of Israel had sworn an oath at Mizpah: “None of us will give his daughter to a Benjaminite in marriage.”

Judges 21:2 So the people went to Bethel and sat there before God until evening. They wept loudly and long,

Judges 21:3 and cried out, “Why, Lord God of Israel, has it happened that one tribe is missing in Israel today?”

Judges 21:4 The next day, the people got up early, built an altar there, and offered burnt offerings and fellowship offerings.

Judges 21:5 The Israelites asked, “Who of all the tribes of Israel didn’t come to Yahveh in the collection?” Because a great oath had been taken that anyone who had not come to Yahveh at Mizpah would certainly be put to death.

Judges 21:6 But the Israelites had compassion on their brothers, the Benjaminites, and said, “Today a tribe has been removed from Israel.

Judges 21:7 What should we do about wives for the survivors? We’ve sworn to Yahveh not to give them any of our daughters as wives.”

Judges 21:8 They asked, “Which city among the tribes of Israel didn’t come to Yahveh at Mizpah?” It turned out that no one from Jabesh-Gilead had come to the camp and the collection.

Judges 21:9 For when the roll was called, no men were there from the inhabitants of Jabesh-Gilead.

Judges 21:10 The congregation sent twelve thousand capable sons there and commanded them: “Go and strike the inhabitants of Jabesh-Gilead down with the sword, including women and dependents.

Judges 21:11 This is what you should do: Exterminate every male, as well as every woman who has had sex with a man.”

Judges 21:12 They found among the inhabitants of Jabesh-Gilead four hundred young virgins who had not had sex with a man, and they brought them to the camp at Shiloh in the land of Canaan.

Judges 21:13 The whole congregation sent a message of peace to the Benjaminites who were at Rimmon Rock.

Judges 21:14 Benjamin returned at that time, and Israel gave them the women they had kept alive from Jabesh-Gilead. But there were not enough for them.

Judges 21:15 The people had compassion on Benjamin, because Yahveh had made this gap in the tribes of Israel.

Judges 21:16 The elders of the congregation said, “What should we do about wives for those who are left since the women of Benjamin have been destroyed?”

Judges 21:17 They said, “There must be heirs for the survivors of Benjamin, so that a tribe of Israel will not be wiped out.

Judges 21:18 But we can’t give them our daughters as wives” because the Israelites had sworn, “Anyone who gives a wife to a Benjaminite is cursed.”

Judges 21:19 They also said, “Notice, there’s an annual festival to Yahveh in Shiloh, which is north of Bethel, east of the highway that goes up from Bethel to Shechem, and south of Lebonah.”

Judges 21:20 Then they commanded the Benjaminites: “Go and hide in the vineyards.

Judges 21:21 Watch, and notice when you see the young women of Shiloh come out to perform the dances, each of you leave the vineyards and catch a wife for yourself from the young women of Shiloh, and go to the land of Benjamin.

Judges 21:22 When their fathers or brothers come to us and protest, we will tell them, ‘Show favor to them, since we did not get enough wives for each of them in the battle. You didn’t actually give the women to them, so you are not guilty of breaking your oath.'”

Judges 21:23 The Benjaminites did this and took the number of women they needed from the dancers they caught. They went back to their own inheritance, rebuilt their cities, and lived in them.

Judges 21:24 At that time, each of the Israelites returned from there to his own tribe and family. Each returned from there to his own inheritance.

Judges 21:25 In those days there was no king in Israel; everyone did whatever looked right to his own eyes.

Judges 21 quotes:

“The men of Benjamin are told that if the girls’ fathers object, the Israelites will try to convince them of the wisdom of not opposing the seizure of their daughters. No one will have broken the oath (21:1); no blood will have been shed in Shiloh. Why not aid in the process of reconciliation? Like the tale of Jephthah’s daughter, the tale of the women of Shiloh may well be an etiology for customs involving marriage, key passages in the lives of young women. In this case, the story describes a yearly “wife-stealing” ritual in which matches are made between men of Benjamin and daughters of Shiloh. Such rituals are common in other cultures (see Gaster 1981: 2:444-46).”

Niditch Susan. Judges: A Commentary. 1st ed. Westminster John Knox Press 2008. p. 210.

Judges 21 links:

deeper to go
imperfect solutions
look up, not within
Maranatha Daily Devotional – Wednesday, July 12, 2023

The JUDGES shelf in Jeff’s library

Judges 20 

Judges 20:1 All the Israelites from Dan to Beer-sheba and from the land of Gilead came out, and the community gathered as one body to Yahveh at Mizpah.

Judges 20:2 The cornerstones of all the people and all the tribes of Israel presented themselves in the collection of God’s people: four hundred thousand armed foot soldiers.

Judges 20:3 The Benjaminites heard that the Israelites had gone up to Mizpah. The Israelites asked, “Tell us, how did this wrong thing happen?”

Judges 20:4 The Levite, the husband of the murdered woman, answered: “I went to Gibeah in Benjamin with my concubine to spend the night.

Judges 20:5 Landowners of Gibeah came to attack me and surrounded the house at night. They intended to kill me, but they raped my concubine, and she died.

Judges 20:6 Then I took my concubine and cut her in pieces, and sent her throughout Israel’s territory because they have committed a wicked outrage in Israel.

Judges 20:7 Notice, all of you are Israelites. Give your judgment and verdict here and now.”

Judges 20:8 Then all the people stood united and said, “None of us will go to his tent or return to his house.

Judges 20:9 Now this is what we will do to Gibeah: we will attack it. By lot

Judges 20:10 we will select ten men out of every hundred from all the tribes of Israel, and one hundred out of every thousand, and one thousand out of every ten thousand to get provisions for the troops when they go to Gibeah in Benjamin to punish them for all the outrage they committed in Israel.”

Judges 20:11 So all the men of Israel gathered united against the city.

Judges 20:12 Then the tribes of Israel sent men throughout the tribe of Benjamin, saying, “What is this wrong thing that has happened among you?

Judges 20:13 Hand over those worthless men in Gibeah so we can put them to death and eradicate evil from Israel.” However, the Benjaminites would not listen to their fellow Israelites.

Judges 20:14 Instead, the Benjaminites gathered together from their cities to Gibeah to fight against the Israelites.

Judges 20:15 On that day the Benjaminites mobilized twenty-six thousand armed men from their cities, besides seven hundred tested young men rallied by the inhabitants of Gibeah.

Judges 20:16 There were seven hundred tested young men who were left-handed among all these troops; all could sling a stone at a hair and not fail.

Judges 20:17 The Israelites, apart from Benjamin, mobilized four hundred thousand armed men, every one an experienced warrior.

Judges 20:18 They set out, went to Bethel and inquired of God. The Israelites asked, “Who is to be leading the tribe to fight for us against the Benjaminites?” And Yahveh answered, “Judah will be first.”

Judges 20:19 In the morning, the Israelites set out and camped near Gibeah.

Judges 20:20 The men of Israel went out to fight against Benjamin and took their battle positions against Gibeah.

Judges 20:21 The Benjaminites came out of Gibeah and devastated twenty-two thousand men of Israel on the land that day.

Judges 20:22 But the Israelite troops rallied and again took their battle positions in the same place where they positioned themselves on the first day.

Judges 20:23 They went up, wept before Yahveh until evening, and inquired of him: “Should we again attack our brothers the Benjaminites?” And Yahveh answered: “Fight against them.”

Judges 20:24 On the second day the Israelites advanced against the Benjaminites.

Judges 20:25 That same day the Benjaminites came out from Gibeah to meet them and devastated an additional eighteen thousand Israelites on the land; all were armed.

Judges 20:26 The whole Israelite army went to Bethel where they wept and sat before Yahveh. They fasted that day until evening and offered burnt offerings and fellowship offerings to Yahveh.

Judges 20:27 Then the Israelites inquired of Yahveh. In those days, the ark of the covenant of God was there,

Judges 20:28 and Phinehas son of Eleazar, son of Aaron, was serving before it. The Israelites asked: “Should we again fight against our brothers, the Benjaminites, or should we stop?” Yahveh answered: “Fight because I will hand them over to you tomorrow.”

Judges 20:29 So Israel set up an ambush around Gibeah.

Judges 20:30 On the third day, the Israelites fought against the Benjaminites and took their battle positions against Gibeah as before.

Judges 20:31 Then the Benjaminites came out against the troops and were drawn away from the city. They began to attack the troops as before, striking down about thirty men of Israel on the highways, one of which goes up to Bethel and the other to Gibeah through the open country.

Judges 20:32 The Benjaminites said, “We are defeating them as before.” But the Israelites said, “Let’s run and draw them away from the city to the highways.”

Judges 20:33 So all the men of Israel got up from their places and took their battle positions at Baal-tamar, while the Israelites in ambush charged out of their places west of Geba.

Judges 20:34 Then ten thousand tested young men from all Israel made a frontal assault against Gibeah, and the battle was fierce, but the Benjaminites did not know that disaster was about to strike them.

Judges 20:35 Yahveh defeated Benjamin in the presence of Israel, and on that day the Israelites devastated 25,100 men of Benjamin; all were armed.

Judges 20:36 Then the Benjaminites realized they had been defeated. The men of Israel had retreated before Benjamin because they were confident in the ambush they had set against Gibeah.

Judges 20:37 The men in the ambush had rushed quickly against Gibeah; they advanced and struck down the whole city with the sword.

Judges 20:38 The men of Israel had a prearranged signal with the men in ambush: when they sent up a great cloud of smoke from the city,

Judges 20:39 the men of Israel would return to the battle. When Benjamin had begun to strike them down, struck down about thirty men of Israel, they said, “They’re defeated before us, just as they were in the first battle.”

Judges 20:40 But when the column of smoke began to go up from the city, Benjamin looked behind them and noticed the whole town was going up in smoke.

Judges 20:41 Then the men of Israel returned, and the men of Benjamin were terrified when they realized that disaster had struck them.

Judges 20:42 They retreated before the men of Israel toward the wilderness, but the battle overtook them, and those who came out of the cities devastated those between them.

Judges 20:43 They surrounded the Benjaminites, chased them and quickly overtook them near Gibeah toward the east.

Judges 20:44 There were eighteen thousand men who died from Benjamin; all capable men.

Judges 20:45 Then Benjamin turned and ran toward the wilderness to Rimmon Rock, and Israel struck down five thousand men on the highways. They overtook them at Gidom and struck two thousand more dead.

Judges 20:46 All the Benjaminites who died that day were twenty-five thousand armed men; all were capable men.

Judges 20:47 But six hundred men escaped into the wilderness to Rimmon Rock and stayed there four months.

Judges 20:48 The men of Israel turned back against the other Benjaminites and struck them down with their swords – the entire city, the animals, and everything that remained. They also burned all the towns that remained

Judges 20 quotes:

“Chapter 20 describes Israel’s descent into civil war as the bonds of kinship trump the community of statehood. Benjamin refuses to join the rest of Israel in rooting out the evil in their midst, siding instead with its closer kin in Gibeah. The narrative thus offers a test of Israel’s unity, as the events described challenge the very notion of peoplehood under the covenant. This interest in the forms of polity and the tensions between them is typical of the humanist voice of Judges.

Niditch Susan. Judges: A Commentary. 1st ed. Westminster John Knox Press 2008. p. 201.

Judges 20 links:

civil war
defending the indefensible
devastated
Maranatha Daily Devotional – Wednesday, July 10, 2019

The JUDGES shelf in Jeff’s library

Judges 19 

Judges 19:1 In those days, and without a king in Israel, a Levite happened to be staying in a remote part of the hill country of Ephraim. He acquired a woman from Bethlehem in Judah as his concubine.

Judges 19:2 But she was repulsed at him and left him for her father’s house in Bethlehem, Judah. She was there for four months.

Judges 19:3 Then her husband got up and followed her to persuade her to come back. He had his servant with him and a pair of donkeys. So she brought him to her father’s house, and when the girl’s father saw him, he gladly welcomed him.

Judges 19:4 His father-in-law, the girl’s father, detained him, and he stayed with him for three days. They ate, drank, and spent the nights there.

Judges 19:5 On the fourth day, they got up early in the morning and prepared to go, but the girl’s father said to his son-in-law, “Have something to eat to keep up your strength, and then you can go.”

Judges 19:6 So they sat down and the two of them ate and drank together. Then the girl’s father said to the man, “Please agree to stay overnight and enjoy yourself.”

Judges 19:7 The man got up to go, but his father-in-law persuaded him to stay and spend another night there.

Judges 19:8 He got up early in the morning of the fifth day to leave, but the girl’s father said to him, “Please keep up your strength.” So they waited until late afternoon, and the two of them ate.

Judges 19:9 The man got up to go with his concubine and his servant when his father-in-law, the girl’s father, said to him, “Notice, night is coming. Please spend the night. See, the day is almost over. Spend the night here, enjoy yourself, then you can get up early tomorrow for your journey and go home.”

Judges 19:10 But the man was unwilling to spend the night. He got up, departed, and arrived opposite Jebus (also known as Jerusalem). The man had his two saddled donkeys and his concubine with him.

Judges 19:11 When they were near Jebus and the day was almost gone, the servant said to his master, “Please, why not let us stop at this Jebusite city and spend the night here?”

Judges 19:12 But his master told him, “We should not stop at a foreign city where there are no Israelites. Let’s move on to Gibeah.”

Judges 19:13 “Come on,” he said, “let’s try to reach one of these places and spend the night in Gibeah or Ramah.”

Judges 19:14 So they continued on their journey, and the sun set as they neared Gibeah in Benjamin.

Judges 19:15 They stopped to spend the night in Gibeah. The Levites went in and sat down in the city square, but no one took them into their home to spend the night.

Judges 19:16 In the evening, notice an older man came in from his work in the field. He was from the hill country of Ephraim, but he was residing in Gibeah where the people were Benjaminites.

Judges 19:17 When he looked up and saw the traveler in the city square, the old man asked, “Where are you going, and where do you come from?”

Judges 19:18 He answered him, “We’re traveling from Bethlehem in Judah to the remote hill country of Ephraim, where I am from. I went to Bethlehem in Judah, and now I’m going to the house of Yahveh. No one has taken me into his home,

Judges 19:19 although there’s straw and feed for the donkeys, and I have bread and wine for me, my concubine, and the servant with us. There is nothing we lack.”

Judges 19:20 “Welcome!” said the old man. I’ll take care of everything you need. The only rule is that you don’t spend the night in the square.”

Judges 19:21 So he brought him to his house and fed the donkeys. Then they washed their feet and ate and drank.

Judges 19:22 While they were enjoying themselves, they noticed that worthless men of the city surrounded the house and beat on the door. They said to the old man who was the owner of the house, “Bring out the man who came to your house so we can have sex with him!”

Judges 19:23 The house owner went out and said to them, “Please don’t do this evil, my brothers. After all, this man has come into my house. Don’t commit this horrible outrage.

Judges 19:24 Here, let me bring out my virgin daughter and the man’s concubine now. Abuse them and do whatever you want to them. But don’t commit this outrageous thing against this man.”

Judges 19:25 But the men would not listen to him, so the man seized his concubine and took her outside to them. They raped her and abused her all night until morning. At daybreak they let her go.

Judges 19:26 Early that morning, the woman made her way back, and as it was getting light, she collapsed at the doorway of the man’s house where her master was.

Judges 19:27 When her master got up in the morning, opened the doors of the house, and went out to leave on his journey, he noticed the woman, his concubine, collapsed near the doorway of the house with her hands on the threshold.

Judges 19:28 “Get up,” he told her. Let’s go.” But there was no response, so the man put her on his donkey and set out for home.

Judges 19:29 When he entered his house, he picked up a knife, took hold of his concubine, cut her into twelve pieces, limb by limb, and then sent her throughout the territory of Israel.

Judges 19:30 Everyone who saw it said, “Nothing like this has ever happened or has been seen since the day the Israelites came out of the land of Egypt until now. Take note of this, discuss it, and speak up!”

Judges 19 quotes:

“As in Genesis 19, the aggressive and violent demands of the mob involve homosexual rape (Judg 19:22). As discussed in connection with Ehud, Samson, and the the death of Sisera in 5:27, the man who defeats his enemy has metaphorically raped his enemy; he is empowered, his enemy a “mere” woman (see Vermeule 1979: 101-2; Niditch 1989; and Yee 1995: 164). By the same token, the man who is actually raped is made into the woman, the quintessential defeated enemy. Issues of shame and honor are at play. The worthless men seek to assert their power over against the outsider, whom they seek to humiliate. Also at play is an abusive sexual ethic in which the rape of women in battle and other contexts (e.g., Gen 34) is applied to the subduing of men. This passage is perhaps less about views of homosexuality, which priestly writers do condemn (Lev 18:22), than about a larger theme in sexual ethics in which one partner subdues, owns, and holds unequal power over the other (see Trible 1978: 105-39). A most troubling feature of the Israelite version of the tale type is the apparent willingness of the men to hand over their women to violent miscreants, Implicit is a worldview in which women are regarded as disposable and replaceable. On the other hand, the narration that follows implies that the author does not condone the men’s behavior. They emerge as cowardly, and their complicity in the rape and murder of the woman is a clear and reprehensible violation of covenant. The tale as told also emphasizes the ways in which women, the mediating gender, provide doorways in and out of war.”

Niditch Susan. Judges: A Commentary. 1st ed. Westminster John Knox Press 2008. p. 193.

Judges 19 links:

a rape and murder
an eye-opener
don’t spend the night in the square

The JUDGES shelf in Jeff’s library

Judges 18 

Judges 18:1 In those days, there was no king in Israel, and the Danite tribe was looking for territory to occupy. Up to that time no territory had been captured by them among the tribes of Israel.

Judges 18:2 So the Danites sent out five capable men from all their clans, from Zorah and Eshtaol, to scout the land and explore it. They told them, “Go and explore the land.” They came to the hill country of Ephraim as far as Micah’s home and spent the night there.

Judges 18:3 While they were near Micah’s home, they recognized the accent of the young Levite. So they went over to him and asked, “Who brought you here? What are you doing in this place? What is your business here?”

Judges 18:4 He told them, “This is what Micah has done for me: He has hired me, and I became his priest.”

Judges 18:5 Then they said to him, “Please inquire of God for us to determine if we will have a successful journey.”

Judges 18:6 The priest told them, “Go in peace. Yahveh is watching over the journey you are going on.”

Judges 18:7 The five men left and came to Laish. They saw that the people there were living securely, just like the Sidonians, quiet and unsuspecting. Nothing was lacking in the land, and no oppressive ruler existed. They were far from the Sidonians, having no alliance with anyone.

Judges 18:8 When the men went back to their relatives at Zorah and Eshtaol, their relatives asked them, “What did you find out?”

Judges 18:9 They answered, “Get up, let’s attack them, because we have seen the land, and it is very good. Why wait? Don’t hesitate to invade and take possession of the land!”

Judges 18:10 When you get there, you will come to an unsuspecting people and spacious land because God has handed it over to you. It is a place where nothing on land is lacking.”

Judges 18:11 Six hundred Danites departed from Zorah and Eshtaol armed with weapons of war.

Judges 18:12 They went up and camped at Kiriath-jearim in Judah. This is why the place is still called the Camp of Dan today; notice it is west of Kiriath-jearim.

Judges 18:13 From there, they traveled to the hill country of Ephraim and arrived at Micah’s house.

Judges 18:14 The five men who had gone to scout out the land of Laish told their brothers, “Did you know that there are an ephod, household gods, and a carved image and a silver idol in these houses? Now think about what you should do.”

Judges 18:15 So they detoured there and went to the young Levite’s house at Micah’s house and greeted him.

Judges 18:16 The six hundred Danite men were standing by the entrance of the city gate, armed with their weapons of war.

Judges 18:17 Then the five men who had gone to scout out the land went in and took the carved image, the ephod, the household idols, and the silver idol, while the priest was standing by the entrance of the city gate with the six hundred men armed with weapons of war.

Judges 18:18 When they entered Micah’s house and took the carved image, the ephod, the household idols, and the silver idol, the priest said to them, “What are you doing?”

Judges 18:19 They told him, “Shut up. Keep your mouth quiet. Come with us and be a father and a priest to us. Is it better for you to be a priest for the house of one person or for you to be a priest for a tribe and family in Israel?”

Judges 18:20 So the priest was pleased and took his ephod, household idols, and carved image, and went with the people.

Judges 18:21 They prepared to leave, putting their dependents, livestock, and possessions in front of them.

Judges 18:22 After they were some distance from Micah’s house, the men who were in the houses near it were called together and caught up with the Danites.

Judges 18:23 They called to the Danites, who turned to face them and said to Micah, “What’s the matter with you that you called together the men?”

Judges 18:24 He said, “You took the gods I had made and the priest, and went away. What do I have left? How can you say to me, ‘What’s the matter with you? ‘”

Judges 18:25 The Danites said to him, “Don’t raise your voice against us, or angry men will attack your throat, and you will take away your throat and each throat from your house.”

Judges 18:26 The Danites went on their way, and Micah turned to go back home because he saw that they were stronger than he was.

Judges 18:27 After they had taken the gods Micah had made and the priest that belonged to him, they went to Laish, to a quiet and unsuspecting people. They struck them down with their swords and burned the city.

Judges 18:28 There was no one to rescue them because it was far from Sidon and they had no alliance with anyone. It was in a valley that belonged to Beth-rehob. They rebuilt the city and lived in it.

Judges 18:29 They named the city Dan after their ancestor Dan, who was born in Israel. The town was previously named Laish.

Judges 18:30 The Danites set up the carved image for themselves. Jonathan, son of Gershom, son of Moses, and his sons were priests for the Danite tribe until their exile from the land.

Judges 18:31 So they set up for themselves Micah’s carved image that he had made, and it was there as long as the house of God was in Shiloh.

Judges 18 quotes:

“As modern ethicists, we can condemn the unjust war of conquest. Even the biblical narrator, who offers no overt condemnation and seems to accept that conquest is the way of the world, repeatedly mentions the Laishians’ way of life in the most idyllic terms. The “bitter-souled” Danites are merciless, cutthroat, and self-serving. God does not condemn them, however, nor does the voice of the theologian. On one level, the story as narrated seems to say that foundation comes in violence; new nations are built on the ruins of the old. Yet a tone of wistful regret emerges in the contrast drawn by the narrator between the people “quiet and trusting” and the language of the ban. The reference to the banlike war here is not infused with the tone of self-righteous justification found in the conquest accounts of Deuteronomy and Joshua.”

Niditch Susan. Judges: A Commentary. 1st ed. Westminster John Knox Press 2008. p. 183.

Judges 18 links:

organized apostasy
praying with the wrong motive

The JUDGES shelf in Jeff’s library

Judges 17 

Judges 17:1 There was a man from the hill country of Ephraim named Micah.

Judges 17:2 He said to his mother, “The 1,100 pieces of silver taken from you, and that I heard you place a curse on – notice the silver. I took it.” Then his mother said, “My son, may you be empowered by Yahveh!”

Judges 17:3 He returned the 1,100 pieces of silver to his mother, who said, “I personally consecrate the silver to Yahveh for my son’s benefit to make a carved image and a silver idol. I will give it back to you.”

Judges 17:4 So he returned the silver to his mother, and she took five pounds of silver and gave it to a silversmith. He made it into a carved image and a silver idol, and it was in Micah’s house.

Judges 17:5 This man, Micah, had a shrine, and he made an ephod and household idols and installed one of his sons as his priest.

Judges 17:6 In those days there was no king in Israel; everyone did whatever looked right to him.

Judges 17:7 There was a young man, a Levite from Bethlehem in Judah, who was staying within the clan of Judah.

Judges 17:8 The man left the town of Bethlehem in Judah to stay wherever he could find a place. On his way he came to Micah’s home in the hill country of Ephraim.

Judges 17:9 “Where do you come from?” Micah asked him. He answered him, “I am a Levite from Bethlehem in Judah, and I’m going to stay wherever I can find a place.”

Judges 17:10 Micah replied, “Stay with me and be my father and priest, and I will give you four ounces of silver a year, along with your clothing and provisions.” So the Levites went in

Judges 17:11 and agreed to stay with the man, and the young man became like one of his sons.

Judges 17:12 Micah dedicated the Levite, and the young man became his priest and lived in Micah’s house.

Judges 17:13 Then Micah said, “Now I know that Yahveh will be good to me because a Levite has become my priest.”

Judges 17 quotes:

“The wandering Levite from Judah finds employment at Micah’s house shrine. Having a genuine Levite serve in the shrine is deemed to be preferable to the ad hoc arrangement with Micah’s own son. The passage beautifully portrays relationships in terms of kin. The priest, not having a set hereditary homestead of his own in the style of the Levites, becomes a member of Micah’s family, a retainer attached to a home shrine. Micah’s declaration at v. 13 suggests that Levites are wandering holy men who bring good luck with them. They are quintessential mediators between God and humans, have divinatory abilities, and are quite a catch for the repentant son, con man, and cult founder.”

Niditch Susan. Judges: A Commentary. 1st ed. Westminster John Knox Press 2008. p. 182.

Judges 17 links:

blessed by grace
good luck
Maranatha Daily Devotional – Tuesday, July 11, 2023
Maranatha Daily Devotional – Tuesday, July 9, 2019
no king in Israel

The JUDGES shelf in Jeff’s library