Month: August 2025

Exodus 21

Exodus 21:1 “These are the judgments that you should explain to them.

Exodus 21:2 When you contract with a Hebrew slave, he should serve six years, and in the seventh he should go out free, for nothing.

Exodus 21:3 If he comes in single, he should go out single; if he comes in married, then his wife should go out with him.

Exodus 21:4 If his employer gives him a wife and she bears him sons or daughters, the wife and her children will be her employer’s, and he should go out alone.

Exodus 21:5 But if the slave declares, ‘I love my master, my wife, and my children; I will not go out free,’

Exodus 21:6 then his employer should bring him to God, and he should bring him to the door or the doorpost. And his employer should bore his ear through with an awl, and he will be his slave permanently.

Exodus 21:7 “When a man contracts out his daughter as a female slave, she should not go out as the male slaves do.

Exodus 21:8 If she does not please her employer, who has designated her for himself, then he should let her be redeemed. He will have no right to sell her to foreign people, since he has broken faith with her.

Exodus 21:9 If he designates her for his son, he will deal with her justly as with a daughter.

Exodus 21:10 If he takes another wife to himself, he will not diminish her food, her clothing, or her marital rights.

Exodus 21:11 And if he does not do these three things for her, she will go out for nothing, without payment of money.

Exodus 21:12 “Whoever hits a man so hard that he dies should be put to death.

Exodus 21:13 But if he did not lie in wait for him, but God let him fall into his hand, then I will appoint for you a location to which he may escape.

Exodus 21:14 But if a man willfully attacks another to kill him deliberately, you should take him even from my altar, so that he may die.

Exodus 21:15 “Whoever hits his father or his mother should be put to death.

Exodus 21:16 “Whoever kidnaps a man and sells him into slavery, and anyone found in possession of him, should be put to death.

Exodus 21:17 “Whoever curses his father or his mother should be put to death.

Exodus 21:18 “When men quarrel and one hits the other with a stone or with his fist and the man does not die but takes to his bed,

Exodus 21:19 then if the man rises again and walks outdoors with his staff, he who struck him will be clear; only he should pay for the loss of his time and should make sure he is thoroughly healed.

Exodus 21:20 “When a man hits his slave, male or female, with a rod and the slave dies under his hand, he should be avenged.

Exodus 21:21 But if the slave recovers after a day or two, he is not to be avenged, because the slave is his silver.

Exodus 21:22 “When men fight together and hit a pregnant woman, so that her children come out, but there is no lasting harm to them, the one who hit her should surely be fined, whatever the woman’s husband will impose on him, and he should pay as the judges determine.

Exodus 21:23 But if there is lasting harm, then you will pay throat for throat,

Exodus 21:24 eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot,

Exodus 21:25 burn for burn, wound for wound, stripe for stripe.

Exodus 21:26 “When a man hits the eye of his slave, male or female, and destroys it, he should let the slave go free because of his eye.

Exodus 21:27 If he knocks out the tooth of his slave, male or female, he should let the slave go free because of his tooth.

Exodus 21:28 “When an ox gores a man or a woman, and death occurs, the ox should be stoned, and its meat should not be eaten, but the owner of the ox will not be liable.

Exodus 21:29 But if the ox has been given to goring in the past, and its owner has been warned but has not kept watch over it, and it kills a man or a woman, the ox should be stoned, and its owner also should be put to death.

Exodus 21:30 If a redemption price is set for him, then he should give for the redemption of his throat whatever is set for him.

Exodus 21:31 If it gores a man’s son or daughter, he should be dealt with according to this same justice.

Exodus 21:32 If the ox gores a slave, male or female, the owner will give to their master thirty shekels of silver, and the ox should be stoned.

Exodus 21:33 “When a man opens a pit, or when a man digs a pit but does not cover it, and an ox or a donkey falls into it,

Exodus 21:34 the owner of the pit should make restoration. He should give money to its owner, and the dead animal will be his.

Exodus 21:35 “When one man’s ox butts another’s, so that it dies, then they should sell the live ox and share its price, and the dead beast also they will share.

Exodus 21:36 Or if it is known that the ox has been accustomed to gore in the past, and its owner has not kept watch over it, he should repay ox for ox, and the dead animal will be his.

Exodus 21 quotes:

“For four centuries, from Joseph to Moses, God’s people had lived as slaves in Egypt. In the world of the Old Testament, “slave of the Lord” was a title of honor. In the Old Testament Abraham, David, Moses and Joshua are all referred to by the Hebrew word for slave (ebed). Though, slavery played only a minimal role in Jewish society, the Jews were the kindest of slaveholders in the ancient world. Jewish slavery was often so benign that a special provision was made for slaves who, after their time of servitude expired, chose to remain slaves. It has been called the “order of the pierced ear.”

Card, Michael. A Better Freedom : Finding Life as Slaves of Christ. InterVarsity Press, 2009, http://site.ebrary.com/id/10837631. p. 26.

“Perhaps the most crucial question for a Christian regarding abortion is whether God considers the unborn child a person. This question takes precedence over essentially pragmatic considerations such as socioeconomic distress, mental anguish, and illegitimacy. If the Scriptures clearly imply the personhood of the unborn, then Christians have an obligation to seek the protection of the unborn through educational, religious, and legislative action.”

Davis, John Jefferson. Abortion and the Christian : What Every Believer Should Know. Presbyterian and Reformed Pub. Co., 1984. p. 40.

“One of the most general principles of God’s justice is the principle of similar measure. “As you have done, it will be done to you, your deeds will return upon your own head” (Obadiah 15). Jeremiah 50:29, Habakkuk 2:8, Joel 3:4, 7, and other passages articulate the same principle in varying forms. The famous law of punishment, “eye for eye, tooth for tooth” (Exodus 21:24), embodies the same principle in a specific juridical context. It was never intended as an excuse for personal vengeance but as a directive to judges making decisions regarding penalties in cases of injury (Exodus 21:22-25).”

Poythress, Vern S. The Shadow of Christ in the Law of Moses. P & R Pub., 1995. p. 123.

Exodus 21 links:

covenant household employment rights
covenant household injury compensation rights
covenant household property loss compensation rights
Exodus- Restitution
expire

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Maranatha Daily Devotional – Thursday, March 21, 2019
Maranatha Daily Devotional – Thursday, March 23, 2023
Maranatha Daily Devotional – Tuesday, March 23, 2021

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EXODUS in Jeff’s library

Exodus 20

Exodus 20:1 Then God spoke all these words, and this is what he said,

Exodus 20:2 “I am Yahveh your God, who rescued you from the land of Egypt, taking you out of the house of slavery.

Exodus 20:3 “No other gods before me are for you.

Exodus 20:4 “You will not make for yourself a carved image, or any reproduction of anything that is in the sky above, or that is in the land beneath, or that is in the water under the land.

Exodus 20:5 You will not bow down to them or slave for them, because I Yahveh your God am a jealous God, visiting the iniquity of the fathers on the children to the third and the fourth generation of those who hate me,

Exodus 20:6 but showing covenant faithfulness to thousands of those who love me and keep my commandments.

Exodus 20:7 “You will not use the name of Yahveh your God hypocritically, because Yahveh will not hold him guiltless who uses his name hypocritically.

Exodus 20:8 “Remember the Sabbath day, by keeping it holy.

Exodus 20:9 Six days you will work, and do all your labor

Exodus 20:10 but the seventh day is a Sabbath to Yahveh your God. On it you will not do any work, you, or your son, or your daughter, your male slave, or your female slave, or your livestock, or the foreign guest who is within your gates.

Exodus 20:11 Because in six days Yahveh made the sky and land, the sea, and everything that is in them, and ceased on the seventh day. Therefore, Yahveh blessed the Sabbath day and made it holy.

Exodus 20:12 “Value your father and your mother, so that your lives may be extended in the land that Yahveh your God is giving you.

Exodus 20:13 “Do not murder.

Exodus 20:14 “Do not commit adultery.

Exodus 20:15 “Do not steal.

Exodus 20:16 “Do not give false testimony against your neighbor.

Exodus 20:17 “Do not crave[1] your neighbor’s house; Do not lust after your neighbor’s wife, or greedily seek his male slave, or his female slave, or his ox, or his donkey, or anything that is your neighbor’s.”

Exodus 20:18 Then all the people saw the thunder and the flashes of lightning and the sound of the trumpet and the mountain smoking, the people were afraid and trembled, and they stood far off

Exodus 20:19 and said to Moses, “You speak to us, and we will listen; but do not let God speak to us, or else we will die.”

Exodus 20:20 Moses said to the people, “Do not fear, because God has come to test you, so that the fear of him may be before you, so that you may not fail.”

Exodus 20:21 The people stood far off, while Moses approached the thick darkness where God was.

Exodus 20:22 And Yahveh told Moses, “This is what you should say to the people of Israel: ‘You have seen for yourselves that I have communicated with you from the sky.

Exodus 20:23 Do not make gods of silver to represent me, nor make for yourselves gods of gold.

Exodus 20:24 You should make for me an earthen altar and sacrifice on it your whole burnt offerings and your peace offerings, your sheep and your oxen. I will come to you and bless you in each place where I cause my name to be remembered.

Exodus 20:25 If you make me an altar of stone, you should not build it out of carved stones, because if you use your tool on it you defile it.

Exodus 20:26 And do not go up by steps to my altar, so that your nakedness is not exposed on it.’

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[1]חמד = crave. Exodus 20:17; 34:24.

Exodus 20 quotes:

“Exodus 20:3 records the words of the first commandment: “You shall have no other Gods before me.” Topping the list of ten, this “law to love by” reminds us that God the Creator, who revealed Himself through His Word and His world, is the one, the only one, to trust, obey, worship, and love. This God, rather than the variety of “gods” people revere, must have first place in our lives. Five Learning Center activities, focusing on the themes of “One” and “First,” are intended to help participants gain a greater understanding of this important instruction and grasp the message that the First. Commandment invites us into an intimate union with a loving God.”

Wezeman, Phyllis Vos, and Judith Harris Chase. Laws to Love by : The Ten Commandments. Educational Ministries, 1996. p. 15.

“Law is an important part of every human society because it regulates human conduct and defines moral standards. This is especially true of the society in the Bible, the people of God. In both the Old and New Testaments, law and the way life is shaped by law are significant concerns that have various expressions and understandings. The first five books of the Bible, Genesis through Deuteronomy, deal in large part with the giving of the law to ancient Israel. Here are grouped the major collections of law for the whole Bible, including two versions of the Ten Commandments (Exodus 20 and Deuteronomy 5). But the rest of the Old Testament constantly refers back to the laws. For example, the prophets rely on them to announce God’s judgment on the people; and the history books (such as Kings and Ezra) and wisdom writings (including Proverbs and Job) assume the grounding of Israel in the law.”

Dutcher-Walls, Patricia, et al. The Commandments : For a Blessed Life. Kerygma Program, 1999. p. 3.

“The ten commandments are introduced by the statement, “I am the Lord your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of slavery” (Exodus 20:2; Deuteronomy 5:6) . Israel had a history. For more than four hundred years, it had been a nation of slaves. Then, without any action on their part to merit it, the people had experienced a series of miracles, culminating in their passage through the Red Sea and the subsequent destruction of the enemies who were in pursuit of them. It was on the basis of this experience that God had a right to give them a body of commandments.”

Kalas, J. Ellsworth. The Ten Commandments from the Back Side. Abingdon Press, 1998. p. 108.

Exodus 20 links:

covenant constitution (part one)
covenant constitution (part two)
Exodus- second exodus
Exodus- spirituality and servanthood
invaded
monotheistic worship
The sky God is supreme

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Maranatha Daily Devotional – Friday, August 18, 2017
Maranatha Daily Devotional – Saturday, August 19, 2017
Maranatha Daily Devotional – Sunday, August 20, 2017

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EXODUS in Jeff’s library

Exodus 19

Exodus 19:1 On the third new moon after the sons of Israel had gone out of the land of Egypt, on that day they came into the open country of Sinai.

Exodus 19:2 They set out from Rephidim and came into the open country of Sinai, and they camped in the open country. There Israel camped before the mountain,

Exodus 19:3 while Moses went up to God. Yahveh called to him out of the mountain, and this is what he said “This is what you will say to the house of Jacob, and tell the sons of Israel:

Exodus 19:4 You have seen what I did to the Egyptians, and how I carried you on eagles’ wings and brought you to myself.

Exodus 19:5 Now therefore, if you will really obey my voice and keep my covenant, you will be my treasured possession among all peoples, because all the land is mine;

Exodus 19:6 and you will be to me a kingdom of priests and a holy nation. These are the words that you will speak to the sons of Israel.”

Exodus 19:7 So Moses came and called the elders of the people and set before them all these words that Yahveh had commanded him.

Exodus 19:8 All the people answered together and said, “All that Yahveh has spoken we will do.” And Moses reported the words of the people to Yahveh.

Exodus 19:9 And Yahveh told Moses, “Notice, I am going to come to you in a thick cloud, so that the people may hear it when I speak with you and may also believe you permanently.” When Moses told the words of the people to Yahveh,

Exodus 19:10 Yahveh said to Moses, “Go to the people and consecrate them today and tomorrow, and have them wash their garments

Exodus 19:11 and be ready for the third day. Because on the third day Yahveh will come down on Mount Sinai before the eyes of all the people.

Exodus 19:12 And you will set limits for the people all around, and this is what you should say, ‘Be careful not to go up into the mountain or touch the edge of it. Whoever touches the mountain will be put to death.

Exodus 19:13 No hand should touch him, but he will be stoned or shot; whether animal or man, he will not live.’ When the trumpet sounds a long blast, they will come up to the mountain.”

Exodus 19:14 So Moses went down from the mountain to the people and consecrated the people; and they washed their garments.

Exodus 19:15 And he said to the people, “Be prepared for the three days; by not going near a woman.”

Exodus 19:16 On the morning of the third day there were thunders and flashes of lightning and a thick cloud on the mountain and a very loud trumpet blast, so that all the people in the camp trembled.

Exodus 19:17 Then Moses brought the people out of the camp to meet God, and they took their stand at the foot of the mountain.

Exodus 19:18 Now Mount Sinai was wrapped in smoke because Yahveh had come down on it in fire. The smoke of it went up like the smoke of a kiln, causing the whole mountain to violently trembled.

Exodus 19:19 And as the sound of the trumpet grew louder and louder, Moses said something, and God answered him in thunder.

Exodus 19:20 Yahveh came down on Mount Sinai, to the top of the mountain. And Yahveh called Moses to the top of the mountain, and Moses went up.

Exodus 19:21 And Yahveh said to Moses, “Go down and warn the people, or else they will break through to Yahveh to look and many of them perish.

Exodus 19:22 Also let the priests who come near to Yahveh consecrate themselves, or else Yahveh will break out against them.”

Exodus 19:23 And Moses said to Yahveh, “The people cannot come up to Mount Sinai, because you yourself warned us, and this is what you said, ‘Set boundaries around the mountain and consecrate it.'”

Exodus 19:24 And Yahveh said to him, “Go down, and come up bringing Aaron with you. But do not allow the priests and the people to break through to come up to Yahveh, or else he will break out against them.”

Exodus 19:25 So Moses went down to the people and told them.

Exodus 19 quotes:

“Modern tourists who trek up Jebel Musa, a traditional site of the events of Exodus 19, can sympathize with poor Moses. The ascent is so difficult that often a climber passes out from the heat and exertion. In other words, Moses does something that is not only at the limits of human endurance but also seems unnecessary.”

Newsome, James D. Exodus. First edition, Westminster John Knox Press, 1998. p. 61.

“God appeared on Mount Sinai for the purpose of establishing a covenant with Israel (Exodus 19:5). Prior to this, the Israelites had been special to God as the descendants of the family that began with Abraham and Sarah. God had made promises to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob (Genesis 15:5; 17:7-8; 26:24; 28:13-15). God remembered those promises and acted to deliver Israel from their suffering under Pharaoh. But now a new relationship was to be established: God would covenant with Israel.”

March, W. Eugene. Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers. Abingdon Press, 2012. p. 31.

“In terms of numerical size Israel indeed became a ‘nation’ in Egypt. But in terms of a religious community with coherence in a covenant with God, they became a nation only later, when they entered into a formative and binding relationship, the covenantal relationship, with their Lord at Mount Sinai. At that point in their experience, when they became a covenant people, they were to function as a ‘‘holy nation’”’ (Exodus 19:6), totally set apart to serve their God, to worship Him, and to be of service to others.”

Hasel, Gerhard F. Covenant in Blood. Pacific Press Pub. Association, 1982. p. 48.

Exodus 19 links:

Exodus- the mountain
invitation to holiness and outreach
no DIY religion
RETURNING TO THE LORD – jeffersonvann

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Maranatha Daily Devotional – Monday, August 14, 2017
Maranatha Daily Devotional – Thursday, August 17, 2017
Maranatha Daily Devotional – Tuesday, August 15, 2017
Maranatha Daily Devotional – Wednesday, August 16, 2017
Maranatha Daily Devotional – Wednesday, March 20, 2019

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EXODUS in Jeff’s library

Exodus 18

Exodus 18:1 Moses’ father-in-law, Jethro, a priest of Midian, heard of all that God had done for Moses and for Israel his people, how Yahveh had rescued Israel from Egypt.

Exodus 18:2 Previously, Jethro, Moses’ father-in-law, had taken Zipporah, Moses’ wife, after he had sent her for a visit,

Exodus 18:3 along with her two sons. The name of the one was Gershom (because he said, “I have been a foreign guest in a foreign land”),

Exodus 18:4 and the name of the other, Eliezer (because he said, “The God of my father has been my partner,[1] and stripped me from the sword of Pharaoh”).

Exodus 18:5 Jethro, Moses’ father-in-law, came with his sons and his wife to Moses in the open country where he was camped at the mountain of God.

Exodus 18:6 And when he sent word to Moses, “I, your father-in-law Jethro, am coming to you with your wife and her two sons with her,”

Exodus 18:7 Moses went out to meet his father-in-law and bowed down and kissed him. And they asked how each other were and went into the tent.

Exodus 18:8 Then Moses told his father-in-law all that Yahveh had done to Pharaoh and to the Egyptians for Israel’s sake, all the trouble that had come upon them along the way, and how Yahveh had stripped them.

Exodus 18:9 And Jethro rejoiced because of all the good that Yahveh had done to Israel, particularly that he had stripped them out of the hand of the Egyptians.

Exodus 18:10 Jethro said, “Blessed be Yahveh, who has stripped you out of the hand of the Egyptians and out of the hand of Pharaoh and has stripped the people from under the hand of the Egyptians.

Exodus 18:11 Now I know that Yahveh is greater than all gods, because in this thing they dealt arrogantly against the people.”

Exodus 18:12 And Jethro, Moses’ father-in-law, brought an ascending offering and sacrifices to God; and Aaron came with all the elders of Israel to eat bread with Moses’ father-in-law before God.

Exodus 18:13 The next day Moses took his seat to judge the people, and the people stood around Moses from morning till evening.

Exodus 18:14 When Moses’ father-in-law saw all that he was doing for the people, then he said, “What is this that you are doing for the people? Why do you sit apart, and all the people stand around you from morning till evening?”

Exodus 18:15 And Moses said to his father-in-law, “Because the people are coming to me to inquire of God;

Exodus 18:16 when they have a case, they come to me and I decide between one man and his companion, and I make them know the prescribed tasks of God and his instructions.”

Exodus 18:17 Moses’ father-in-law said to him, “What you are doing is not right.

Exodus 18:18 You and the people with you will certainly wear yourselves out, because the thing is too much for you. You are not able to do it alone.

Exodus 18:19 Now listen to my voice; I will give you advice, and God be with you! You should represent the people before God and bring their cases to God,

Exodus 18:20 and you should warn them about the prescribed tasks and the instructions and make them know the way in which they must walk and what they must do.

Exodus 18:21 Moreover, look for able men from all the people, men who fear God, who are reliable[2] and hate a bribe, and place such men over the people as officials for thousands, for hundreds, for fifties, and for tens.

Exodus 18:22 And let them judge the people at all times. Every major case they will bring to you, but any minor case they will decide themselves. So, it will be easier for you, and they will bear the burden with you.

Exodus 18:23 If you do this, God will direct you, you will be able to endure, and all this people also will go to their place in peace.”

Exodus 18:24 So Moses listened to the voice of his father-in-law and did all that he had said.

Exodus 18:25 Moses chose able men out of all Israel and made them heads over the people, officials for thousands, for hundreds, for fifties, and for tens.

Exodus 18:26 And they judged the people at all times. Any major case they brought to Moses, but any minor matter they decided themselves.

Exodus 18:27 Then Moses let his father-in-law leave, and he went back to his own country.

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[1]עֵזֶר = partner.

[2] אֱמֶת = reliable, reliability. Exodus 18:21; 34:6.

Exodus 18 quotes:

“The history of some churches and the expectations placed upon the pastor by some congregations and the pastors themselves have stifled team development. For The Jethro Ministry to work the advice of Jethro to Moses can never be forgotten, “You cannot do it alone.”

Roach, J. Dale. Jethro Ministry: A Biblical Strategy for Strong Teamwork. Westbow Press, 2015. p. 135.

“The pastor needs the help and assistance of other leaders in the church in order to be effective in his office. A classic example of this can be seen in Moses. Moses wanted to do everything by himself. He was encouraged by Jethro, his father in law, to enlist the help of other leaders (see Exodus 18:13).”

Guns, Geoffrey V. Spiritual Leadership : A Guide to Developing Spiritual Leaders in the Church. Orman Press, 2000. p. 18.

“This time when Moses needed help, the solution did not come in a voice on the mountain or in any other spectacular way. In a very ordinary way with no fanfare, Moses’ father-in-law made a suggestion. Moses did not automatically accept his father-inlaw’s advice. In fact, Jethro, himself, qualified his suggestion by saying, “If … God command thee so …” (Exodus 18:23). It was Moses’ responsibility to determine for himself if this advice was God’s will. As it turned out, Jethro’s suggestion was put into practice and the problem was solved.”

Lassetter, J. Stuart. Manna from Moses: 101 Morsels for Successful Christian Leadership. Morris Pub., 2000. p. 27.

Exodus 18 links:

Exodus- teamwork
greater than all gods
new structure

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EXODUS in Jeff’s library

Exodus 17

Exodus 17:1 All the congregation of the sons of Israel moved on within the Sin open country by stages, according to Yahveh’s commandment, and camped at Rephidim, but there was no water for the people to drink.

Exodus 17:2 So the people protested against Moses and said, “Give us water to drink.” And Moses asked them, “Why are you protesting against me? Why are you testing Yahveh?”

Exodus 17:3 But the people were thirsty for water there, and the people protested against Moses and asked, “Why did you bring us up out of Egypt, only to kill us and our children and our livestock with thirst?”

Exodus 17:4 So Moses cried out to Yahveh, and this is what he said, “What should I do with this people? They are almost ready to stone me.”

Exodus 17:5 And Yahveh said to Moses, “Get out in front of the people, taking with you some of the elders of Israel, and take in your hand the staff with which you struck the Nile, and walk.

Exodus 17:6 Notice, I will stand in front of you there on the rock at Horeb, and you will strike the rock, and water will come out of it, and the people will drink.” And Moses did it, in the sight of the elders of Israel.

Exodus 17:7 And he called the name of the place Massah and Meribah, because of the protest of the people of Israel, and because they tested Yahveh by asking, “Is Yahveh among us or not?”

Exodus 17:8 Then Amalek came and fought with Israel at Rephidim.

Exodus 17:9 So Moses said to Joshua, “Choose men for us, and go out and fight with Amalek. Tomorrow I will stand on the top of the hill with the staff of God in my hand.”

Exodus 17:10 So Joshua did as Moses told him, and fought with Amalek, while Moses, Aaron, and Hur went up to the top of the hill.

Exodus 17:11 Whenever Moses held up his hand, Israel succeeded, but whenever he lowered his hand, Amalek succeeded.

Exodus 17:12 Then Moses’ hands grew tired, so they took a stone and put it under him, and he sat on it, while Aaron and Hur held up his hands, one on one side, and the other on the other side. So, his hands were steady until sunset.

Exodus 17:13 So Joshua gained victory over Amalek and his people with the sword.

Exodus 17:14 Then Yahveh said to Moses, “Write this as a memorial in a book and recite it so Joshua can hear it, that I will utterly blot out the memory of Amalek from under the sky.”

Exodus 17:15 And Moses built an altar and called the name of it, Yahveh is my war flag,

Exodus 17:16 saying, “My hand was on the throne of Yahveh! Yahveh will have war with Amalek from generation to generation.”

Exodus 17 quotes:

“‘And it came to pass when Moses held up his hand that Israel prevailed, and when he let down his hand, Amalek prevailed’ (Exodus 17:11). But could the hands of Moses promote the battle or hinder the battle? — it is, rather, to teach you that such time as the Israelites directed their thoughts on high, and kept their hearts in subjection to their Father in heaven, they prevailed; otherwise they suffered defeat.”

Cohn-Sherbok, Dan. The Sayings of Moses. Ecco Press, 1998. p. 60.

“The rock mentioned in Exodus 17 foreshadowed Christ on the cross because there He was smitten. However, the rock of Numbers 20 foreshadowed the ascended Christ, who now intercedes as a high priest for believers. The significant difference in the rocks of Exodus 17 and Numbers 20 is also indicated in that a different word for “rock” is used in these two passages. Although both rocks speak of Christ, God was endeavoring to communicate two different things to us concerning the Person of Christ.”

Epp, Theodore H. Moses Greatest Moments. Back to the Bible Broadcast, 1976. p. 128.

“Amalek was a tribe of people opposed to God. They were strong and didn’t like God’s people; in fact, they were the Israelites’ avowed enemy. Amalek can be to us a picture of the “flesh,” or self. The Bible tells us God vowed He would have war with Amalek throughout all generations (Exodus 17:16). Selfishness must have less and less part in our lives once we are rescued from being selfcentered and become God-centered.”

Briscoe, Jill. Here Am I, Lord– Send Somebody Else : How God Uses Ordinary People to Do Extraordinary Things. W Pub. Group, 2004. p. 122.

Exodus 17 links:

ACST 45- The Tempters
Exodus- one solution
expire
my war flag
strike the rock
trusting, not testing

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Maranatha Daily Devotional – Saturday, August 5, 2017
Maranatha Daily Devotional – Sunday, August 6, 2017
Maranatha Daily Devotional – Tuesday, March 19, 2019

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EXODUS in Jeff’s library